Which metabolic pathway provides ATP during low-intensity, long-duration exercise?

Oxidative phosphorylation is the metabolic pathway that provides ATP during low-intensity, long-duration exercise due to its efficiency in utilizing fat and carbohydrates as fuel sources. This pathway occurs within the mitochondria of cells and employs the electron transport chain to generate ATP. It is particularly well-suited for sustained activities because it can produce a high yield of ATP over extended periods, making it ideal for activities such as long-distance running or cycling where the intensity is lower but sustained over time.

During low-intensity exercise, the body primarily relies on aerobic metabolism, which utilizes oxygen to convert substrates like glucose and fatty acids into ATP. This process allows for a continual supply of energy, enabling the athlete to maintain their activity over a longer duration without the rapid fatigue that can occur with anaerobic systems.

While other energy systems, like glycolysis and the creatine phosphate system, play essential roles in providing ATP for short bursts of high-intensity activities, they are not as efficient or sustainable for longer durations. Glycolysis, for example, is more effective for moderate to high-intensity efforts but leads to quicker fatigue as it produces less ATP and can result in lactate accumulation. The creatine phosphate system provides immediate energy but lasts only for a few seconds, making it